HST 122 -- New Monarchies

I.  New Monarchies
        A. England
                1. 14th-15th centuries -- warfare, violence
                    a. Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) [Map]
                        1. victory at Crecy, Poitiers, Agincourt
                        2. pillaging the French countryside
                        3. Henry VI and lack of leadership
                    b. Wars of the Roses (1455-85)
                        1. Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou
                        2. Richard, Duke of York
			3. inspiration for Game of Thrones
				- this TED-Ed video explains the links between 
				the Wars of the Roses and the popular books (and TV show)
                2. England not really stabilized until Henry VII (1485-1509)
                        takes the crown
                3. Henry and his son (Henry VIII) solidified the royal position
                        by surrounding themselves with loyal councilors (often
                        commoners) and using violence when necessary
                4. Case study: Henry VIII and Thomas Wolsey
                    a. Henry VIII
                        1. true Renaissance king
                        2. rather unstable person; very dangerous to work for him
                    b. Thomas Wolsey
                        1. commoner; became royal chaplain
                        2. workaholic; excellent organizational skills
                        3. rewarded with prestigious and valuable positions
                        4. but couldn't solve Henry's big problem: no heir
                    c. The wives of Henry VIII
                        1. Catherine of Aragon
			2. Anne Boleyn
			3. Jane Seymour
			4. Anne of Cleves
			5. Catherine Howard
			6. Catherine Parr
        B. Spain
                1. divided country (Aragon, Castile and Granada)[MAP];
                        powerful nobles
                2. 1469: Ferdinand and Isabella wed (heirs of the crowns of
                        Aragon and Castile)
                3. they constantly traveled the new unified kingdom to control
                        the nobles
                4. renewed the holy war against the Muslims in 1482 (reconquista)
                5. by 1492, they took Granada and expelled the Muslims
                        - the reconquista occupied the nobles and brought the 
                                two kingdoms together
        C. France
                1. 14th century -- beat up by the English during the 100 Years' War
                2. Charles VI (1380-1422) -- bouts of insanity
                        - not in control of kingdom
                3. Charles VII -- able to lead French to victory
                4. created a standing army -- the first in Europe
                5. used this to defeat the English and consolidate his power

II. Warfare
        A. Major players:
                - Charles V (1516-56), Hapsburg lands: Austria, Spain,
                        Low Countries [MAP]
                - Henry VIII (1509-47), England
                - Francis I (1515-47), France
        B. Points of contention/causes of war
                1. death of Maximilian I (1486-1519), Holy Roman Emperor, 
                        and the election of a new emperor
                2. France's loss of part of Naples to Spain
                3. Charles V's desire to regain Burgundy
                4. Henry VIII's desire to reconquer France
        C. Vicious cycle
                - new types of artillery, such as cannons, are very expensive
                - also, defense against cannons requires thicker, more expensive walls
                - this leads to the need for larger armies for longer sieges
                - because all this requires large amounts of money, the monarchs
                        must go to war to acquire new lands and treasure
                - but the more they go to war, the more money they need
        D. Images
                1. Weapons: bombard, bombard on a sled, cannon, culverin
                2. Defense: new type of wall