HST 122 -- Religious and Intellectual Changes

I. Religion
    - increased secularization of intellectual life in the 16th - 17th c.
    A. European Rulers
        1. rulers made decisions based on secular assumptions
        2. rulers gained control of churches in their states
        3. decline in power of the papacy
    B. European Masses
        1. Protestant Religious Revival
            - John Wesley (1703-91) and Methodism
                a. Oxford educated Anglican minister
                b. saw a need to revitalize the relationship between the church
                        and the common people
                c. tried to inspire people to:
                    1. have faith in God
                    2. live a good holy life
                    3. have a personal experience with God
                d. not well-received at first
                e. but became popular because he allowed people more active participation
                    1. more singing of hymns during the church service
                    2. each local society was divided into classes that met weekly
                            - methodical study of the bible, prayer, etc.
                f. Methodism grew quickly
                    - in 1796, there were 77,000 members
                    - by 1821, 235,000 members
                    - by 1851, 725,000 members
        2. Catholic Religious Revival

II. Romanticism
    A. Definition
        1. intellectual movement of the late 18th - 19th centuries
        2. it was a reaction against the Enlightenment and reason
    B. Romantics emphasized:
        1. feelings, emotions, imaginations
        2. individualism; freedom (Friedrich)
        3. history, especially the medieval period
        4. nature
        5. religion
            - Catholic Religious Revival
    C. Examples
        1. Art
            a. Francisco de Goya
                "The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters" (1796-7)
            b. J. M. W. Turner (1775-1851)
                "The Fighting Temeraire" (1838)
            c. Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840)
                "Cloister Cemetery in the Snow" (1817-19)
                "Tree with Crows" (1822)
        2. Architecture (Neo-Gothic Style)  Houses of Parliament
        3. Literature
                - Mary Shelley (1797-1851)

III. Darwin, Social Darwinism and Mass Politics
    A. New Science and the 2nd Industrial Revolution
    B. Darwin (1809-92)
    C. Social Darwinism
        - applying Darwin's ideas to society
        - using his ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest to support
            ideas of European superiority
    D. New right-wing mass politics of the late 19th c.
                - combination of nationalism, socialism, racism, social Darwinism
                - e.g., Karl Lueger, mayor of Vienna (1897-1910)
    E. Anti-Semitism in Europe
        - Example: The Dreyfus Affair
            1. Sept 1894 - the letter: someone in the French military is spying for the Germans
            2. Oct 1894 - suspicion falls on Captain Alfred Dreyfus; he is arrested
            3. Dec 1894 - trial, conviction; sentenced to solitary confinement on Devil's Island
            4. late 1896 - it is discovered that a fellow named Esterhazy was the real traitor
            5. 1897 - public outcry builds
            6. 10 Jan 1898 - Esterhazy on trial 
                    - trial lasts 2 days; judges unanimously decided in 3 minutes that he was not guilty
            7. 13 Jan 1898 - Emile Zola writes famous article "J'Accuse"
            8. public outcry continues to build; riots throughout France
            9. Aug 1898 - army discovers that forged documents had been put in Dreyfus' file
            10. Aug-Sept 1899 - Dreyfus is retried; found guilty again
            11. 19 Sept 1899 - public outcry is so great that Dreyfus is officially pardoned 
                    by the French president