Church and State in the High Middle Ages

I. English Monarchs (1066-1307)  [Royal Genealogy]
The Normans
William I (1066-1087)
William II (1087-1100)
Henry I (1100-1135)
Stephen (1135-1154)
The Plantagenets
Henry II (1154-1189)
Richard I (1189-1199)
John (1199-1216)
Henry III (1216-1272)
Edward I (1272-1307)
II. William's sons
    A. William Rufus (1087-1100)
        1. fairly smooth reign
        2. controlled Normandy while his brother was on crusade
        3.  "accidentally" killed while hunting
    B. Henry I (1100-1135)
        1. Henry immediately seized the royal treasury and 
                was proclaimed king
        2. Henry also conquered Normandy from his eldest brother
        3. Henry instituted 3 major reforms to deal with his
                enlarged territory:
            a. permanent council
            b. exchequer
            c. itinerant justices
III. Stephen (1135-1154) 
    A. he was dependent on the clergy when he took the throne;
            thus, he gave them all sorts of concessions
    B. Henry I's daughter Matilda began to stir up trouble
    C. she and her husband, Geoffrey of Anjou, conquered Normandy
            and then came to England and forced Stephen to agree
            to allow Matilda's son Henry to become king on 
            Stephen's death
IV. Henry II (1154-1189) [MAP: Angevin Empire]
    A. Angevin Empire: Anjou from his father; Normandy from
            his mother; Aquitaine from his wife Eleanor
    B. he sent out itinerant justices on a more regular basis
    C. initiated a system of trial by jury; it was actually more
            of an indictment jury, but it was a start
    D. tried to recover jurisdiction lost to the church during Stephen's reign
        - conflict with Thomas Becket (1164-1170)
V. Religious Revival and Reform
    A. Why did it occur?
        - church came under secular influence during the early Middle Ages
        1. pope, bishops, priests, monks
        2. simony
        3. plurality
	4. anti-clericalism
    B. How did the church revive itself among the common people?
        1. Sacramental System
                a. baptism
                b. confirmation
                c. marriage
                d. holy orders
                e. penance
                f. Eucharist
                g. extreme unction              
        2. Pilgrimages and Relics of Saints
                a. most cherished relics were associated with Christ
                        and the Virgin Mary
                b. Reading Abbey: 100s of relics [MAP]
                c. Canterbury: body of St. Thomas Becket (the cathedral) [MAP]
                d. Santiago de Compostela: body of St. James the Apostle
                        (except for his arm, which was at Reading Abbey)
                        the cathedral, map of the pilgrimage routes
                e. indulgences and purgatory
        3. Mendicantism
            a. vow of poverty
            b. preached (usually in towns)
            c. supported themselves by begging
                - mendicant means beggar
            d. performed acts of charity
            e. two main groups: Franciscans and Dominicans
    C. How did the church revive itself within the institution of monasticism?
        1. Cluniacs
                a. founded in 909 by the duke of Aquitaine at Cluny
                        in Burgundy [MAP]
                b. subject only to the pope
                c. widely admired for their strict godly lives
                d. but they eventually began to be influenced by aristocrats who
                        donated land to them and provided them with novices (abbey church)
        2. Carthusians
                a. emerged in the late 11th century in eastern France
                b. much admired, but small order because they led
                        extremely ascetic lives
                c. they worshipped together, but at all other times they
                        prayed and meditated in individual cells
        3. Cistercians
                a. formed by Benedictine monks who were dissatisfied
                        with the worldliness of their order
                b. they established an abbey at Cîteaux, in the wilderness
                        in eastern France
                c. stark and undecorated abbeys [an abbey in England]
                d. very ascetic lives
                e. conversi: peasants who were bound by vows of chastity
                        and obedience to the Cistercian abbot, and who worked
                        in the Cistercian fields
    D. How did the church revive itself within the church hierarchy and papacy?
        1. Condition of the church up to the mid-11th century [MAP]
            a. papacy under control of Roman nobility
            b. popes crown emperors, but emperors still view their
                    position as superior to that of the pope
        2. Church Reforms
            a. Henry III goes to Rome in 1046 to settle the
                    papal election dispute
            b. Leo IX becomes pope; he was a reformer
            c. Leo worked to end simony and enforce clerical celibacy
            d. some papal advisers wanted more reforms
            e. after Henry III and Leo IX died, the door was open
            f. in 1059, the Papal Election Decree was passed; it said
                    that, from now on, the pope was to be elected by
                    the College of Cardinals
VI. Church-State Conflict in England
    A. Pope Gregory VII and William the Conqueror
        1. bishop and sheriff presided over shire courts
        2. pope believed this was too much secular influence in church affairs
        3. William agreed to split the shire court into 2 courts:
            a. an ecclesiastical court, with the local bishop presiding
            b. a secular court, with the local sheriff presiding
        4. but William believed that he was was the ultimate authority in England
            - not the Pope and not the Archbishop of Canterbury
    B. The Investiture Controversy
        1. lay investiture: lay rulers invest bishops and abbots
                into their offices; they bestow the staff and ring upon them
        2. Gregory VII (1073-1085) banned lay investiture in 1075
        3. Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, growing in power
        4. Henry appoints and invests 4 bishops
        5. epic struggle between Henry and Gregory
        6. Concordat of Wörms ended the investiture
                controversy for good in 1122
    C. Henry I and Anselm
        1. Anselm informed Henry that he had to follow the ban on lay investiture
        2. Henry eventually agreed to this in 1106
        3. he believed he could, if necessary, get around the ban
    D. Henry II and Thomas Becket 
        1. wanted to recover jurisdiction lost to the church during Stephen's reign
        2. local sheriff wants to punish a priest who admitted to killing a man
        3. church said it would deal with it
        4. Henry II issues the Constitutions of Clarenden (DOC 14) to confirm
                customary church-state relations before Stephen's reign
        5. article 3 dealt with criminous clerks
        6. Becket thinks this goes too far; refuses to agree to it
        7. leads to a huge conflict between king and archbishop (1164-1170)
        8. the conflict ended in 1170 with the murder of Becket by 4 knights loyal
                to Henry II
        9 implications for future church-state relations in England?