Britain in the Early Modern World

I. Causes of Exploration
    A. The necessary preconditions were met
        1. fly compass
        2. astrolabe
        3. English ship (16th c.), with a triangular lateen sail
    B. Europeans wanted a new passage to the east [MAP]
    C. European rulers needed new sources of gold

II. English Exploration
    A. Key Events of Non-English Exploration
1487 Dias (Portugal) rounded Cape of Good Hope [MAP]
1492 Columbus (Spain) arrived in West Indies [MAP]
1497-8 da Gama (Portugal) sailed around Africa to India [MAP]
1513 Balboa (Spain) sighted Pacific Ocean
1519-22 Magellan (Spain) his expedition sailed around the globe [MAP]
1519-23 Cortés (Spain) landed in Mexico and conquered the Aztecs
1533 Pizarro (Spain) conquered the Incas
1534 Cartier (France) discovered the St. Lawerence River 
    B. Phase I: Exploration under Henry VII
        1. John Cabot [MAP of Cabot's routes] 
            a. reached Newfoundland/Nova Scotia in 1497
            b. second voyage in 1498, but never returned
        2. Sebastian Cabot
            a. failed expedition of 1509
            b. left England to sail for Spain
    C. An English Hiatus
        1. no massive quantities of gold or silver discovered
        2. booming cloth trade
        3. relationship with Spain
    D. Phase II: Exploration under Elizabeth I [MAP]
        1. John Hawkins (1562, 1564, 1567)
            - English slave trade
        2. Francis Drake [MAP]
            a. pirate activity
            b. circumnavigation of the globe (1577-80)
III. Joint-Stock Companies [MAP]
    A. Muscovy Company (1555) [MAP]
    B. Levant Company (1581)
    C. East India Company (1600)
IV. Colonization [MAP]
    A. Early Efforts in the 1580s
        1. Newfoundland (1583)
        2. Roanoke Island (1587)
    B. Jamestown (1607)
        - John Rolfe and tobacco
    C. New England
        1. Plymouth (1620)
            a. Pilgrims (Separatists)
            b. why Massachusetts instead of Virginia?
        2. Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629)
            - Puritan settlement
    D. Other Areas [MAP]
V. Consequences
    A. destruction of native populations
            - DOC 37: Handout
    B. enrichment of Europeans
    C. flow of Europeans to the New World
    D. flow of Christian missionaries to the New World and Asia
    E. growth of the Atlantic slave trade
    F. beginnings of a global marketplace
    G. the rise of the English Empire and the English Navy [MAP]
VI. Why were the Europeans so successful in conquering 
 the Americas and other areas around the world?
    A. Guns, germs and steel
        1. diseases such as small pox, typhoid and measles
        2. technology: guns, swords, armor
    B. Luck