Ireland, Scotland and Wales in the 
    Later Middle Ages and Tudor-Stuart Years

I. Wales
    A. Wales in the Fourteenth Century [MAP]
        1. occasionally rebelled during Edward II's reign
        2. but generally stable during the 14th century
        3. Welsh often used as soldiers by the English king
            - esp. in the Hundred Years' War
    B. Wales under the Lancastrians and Yorkists
        1. The Glyn Dwr Rising
            a. Phase I: Initial Rebellion (1400)
                1. Owain Glyn Dwr was a wealthy Welshman
                2. Henry IV would not support him in a land dispute
                3. thus, he rebelled
                4. but Henry quickly subdued the rebellion
            b. Phase II: A National Rising (1401)
                1. Owain had escpaed to western Wales
                2. the rebellion arouse lingering animosity towards the English
                3. more and more people joined Owain
                4. he defeated an English force in 1401
                5. again subdued by Henry IV
            c. Phase III: Victories and Alliances (1402-1404)
                1. allied with the Scots, French and Edmund Mortimer
                2. had taken several Welsh castles by 1404
                3. declared Prince of Wales by a Welsh Parliament in 1404
            d. Phase IV: Slow Defeat (1405-1413)
                1. the future Henry V defeated Owain in 1405
                2. then slowly retook most of Wales from 1406 to 1409
                3. Owain's family captured in 1409
                4. Owain continued to launch small raids from 1409-1413,
                        but the rebellion was basically over
        2. Wales after the Glyn Dwr Rising
            a. Henry IV enacted all sorts of legislation that restricted the Welsh
            b. Wales remained fairly stable for the rest of the 15th c.
    C. Wales under the Tudors and Stuarts
        1. Henry VII
            a. he was part Welsh
            b. he repealed the statutes of Henry IV
        2. Thomas Cromwell and the Act of Union
            a. Cromwell wanted the English government to control Wales completely
            b. thus, he got Parliament to pass the Act of Union in 1536
                1. this was an effort to Anglicize Wales
                2. all of Wales was divided into shires
                3. the shires were governed by sheriffs and justices of the peace
                4. but the Welsh could choose their own justices
                5. and they also received representation in the English Parliament
        3. The Reformation in Wales
            a. the Act of Union ensured that the Welsh church would reform like
                    the English church
                1. Welsh churches were subject to the archbishop of Canterbury
                2. the English king was the official head of the church
            b. actual religious reform was slower because of the language barrier
            c. but translation into Welsh and printing of the English prayer book
                    and the Bible in the second half of the 16th c. facilitated reform

II. Ireland
    A. Ireland in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
        1. The Scottish Invasion (1315-1318)
            a. the Bruces opened a second front against the English
            b. they gave voice to Irish resistance
            c. the Irish were then able to firm up their independence 
                    in eastern Ireland and begin harassing the English in the east
        2. The Statutes of Kilkenny (1366)
            a. Edward III sent his son Lionel, duke of Clarence, to Ireland
                    to solidify English control there
            b. Lionel fored the Irish Parliament to pass the Statutes of Kilkenny
            c. these were similar Henry IV's statutes concerning Wales
            d. they dictated that:
                1. the Irish should live by themselves
                2. they should worship by themselves
                3. they should maintain their own language, laws, customs
        3. The Fifteenth Century
    B. Ireland under the Tudors
        1. Henry VII and Poynings' Law
            a. Henry VII wanted more direct control
            b. he deposed the powerful earl of Kildare
            c. appointed Sir Edward Poynings to run Ireland for him
            d. he passed a statute later called Poynings' Law (1494)
                1. it said that the Irish Parliament could not meet
                        without the king's permission
                2. it also said that the parliament could only pass
                        legislation approved by the king's council
        2. Henry VIII and Cromwell
            a. surrender and re-grant
            b. trying to make the Irish lords more English
        3. The Mid-Tudor Plantations
            a. Edward VI and Mary wanted to create a buffer zone around the Pale
            b. they confiscated land around the Pale and granted it to Englishmen
        4. Elizabeth and Protestantism
            a. Elizabeth wanted a uniform religion in all her territories
            b. the Irish in Munster rebelled in the 1580s [MAP]
            c. the Munster Plantation
            d. other rebellions (e.g., the one by Hugh O'Neill, earl of Tyrone)
                    were crushed 
            e. Elizabeth left the Stuarts a completely controlled Ireland
            f. but the violence and plantations increased the Irish animosity
                    toward the English
            g. thus, Elizabeth's efforts at religious reform didn't really take
    C. Ireland under the Stuarts
        1. James I and the Ulster Plantation
            a. continued Elizabeth's policy of plantations in order to subdue
                    and Anglicize the Irish
            b. the Ulster Plantation
            c. a response to the earl of Tyrone's rebellion
        2. The Reign of Charles I
            a. The Connacht Plantation
            b. The Irish Massacre of 1641
        3. Oliver Cromwell
            a. led an army to Ireland in 1649 to exact revenge for the Massacre of 1641
            b. he viciously subdued Ireland
            c. Act of Parliament of 1652
                - this and other acts dictated that nearly all lands held by Catholics
                    should be seized and sold to English Protestants
            d. by 1660, Irish Catholics held less than 25% of the land in Ireland
        4. The Restoration
            - the status quo continues
        5. Summary:
                a. the English gained complete control militarily
                b. but they could never win the hearts and minds of the Irish
                c. all they managed to do was sow the seeds of religious discord
                        and nationalist hatred that would plague the Irish for centuries

III. Scotland
    A. Scotland in the Fourteenth Century
        1. Edward II
            - crushed at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314
        2. Edward III
            a. David II was 5 years old when he became king of Scotland
            b. ineffective as king when he reached adulthood
            c. crushed when he invaded England in 1346
        3. The Rise of the Scottish Parliament
            a. similar composition to that of England
            b. similar powers, as well
        4. The Rise of the Stewarts
            a. new ruling dynasty
            b. Robert II and Robert III not effective
    B. Scotland under the Lancastrians and Yorkists
        1. next three Stewarts (James I, II and III) also not effective
        2. they came to the throne as minors
        3. thus, Scotland is no threat to England during this period
    C. Scotland under the Tudors and Stuarts
        1. James IV (1488-1513) and James V (1513-1542)
        2. Mary, Queen of Scots (1542-1567), and the Scottish Reformation
            a. John Knox
            b. influenced by John Calvin in Geneva
            c. he brought a strict Calvinist Protestantism to Scotland
                - it came to be called Presbyterianism
        3. James VI/I (1567-1625) and the Stewarts (Stuarts) in England
            a. the two kingdoms eventually grew closer and closer
            b. they officially unified with an Act of Union in 1707