The Early Tudors

I. The Wars of the Roses  [Royal Genealogy]
        A. The Lancastrian Dynasty
            1. Henry IV
                - strong ruler; subdued various rebellions
            2. Henry V
                - even stronger ruler; renewed Hundred Years' War
        B. Henry VI
            1. Powerful barons with private armies
                - numerous lords and their soldiers had returned from France
            2. Incompetent government
                - nervous breakdown
        C. Lancaster v. York
            1. Duke of York believes he should run the kingdom while
                    Henry VI is not lucid
            2. Henry's wife, Margaret of Anjou, wanted to rule for him
            3. competing factions arose
        D. The Wars of the Roses - Part I
            1. a few major battles betwee 1455-1461, but nothing definitive
            2. Lancastrian forced defeated in 1461
                - the king, his wife and his son fled to Scotland
            3. Edward, duke of York, has himself crowned king of England
            4. Henry VI mounted an invasion in 1471
            5. he was defeated by Edward IV
                - Henry and his son were killed
        E. The Wars of the Roses - Part II
            1. Edward IV died in 1483
            2. his son (Edward V) was only 12, and others wanted to rule for him
            3. Edward V's uncle Richard had himself appointed regent
            4. within a few months, Edward V was locked up in the tower
                    of London (along with his younger brother) and probably killed
            5. Richard then had himself proclaimed king
            6. many aristocrats decided to abandon Richard and support another
                claimant to the throne -- Henry Tudor
            7. Henry invaded in 1485 and met little resistance
            8. he engaged Richard at Bosworth Field
            9. Henry was victorious and became king Henry VII
	F. Inspiration for Game of Thrones
		- this TED-Ed video explains the links between the Wars of the Roses
			and the popular books (and TV show)

II. Government under Edward IV
        A. used commoners and lower aristocrats as councilors
            1. he then had more control over the council
            2. also, the government was now being run more effectively
        B. made the crown more financially independent
            - he built up the crown lands
        C. centralized crown finances
            - he began to administer his personal lands through his chamber
                rather than the exchequer

III. Henry VII (1485-1509)
        A. married Elizabeth of York, the daughter of Edward IV
        B. continued the policies of Edward IV
            1. relied on commoners to run the government
            2. added to crown income [DOC 29]
                a. added to crown lands
                b. peace with France = more trade = more income from tariffs
            3. continued to control finances through the chamber

IV. Henry VIII (1509-1547)
        A. Thomas Wolsey
            1. common origins
            2. became extremely wealthy and powerful as one of Henry's councilors
            3. Hampton Court
        B. Thomas Cromwell

V. The Reformation
        A. Preconditions of the Reformation(s)
            1. Crisis of Faith
                a. focus on external behavior, not inner spiritual intentions
                        - e.g., penance and indulgences
                b. abuses
                        1. simony
                        2. pluralism
            2. Christian Humanism
                a. tradition of criticizing the various problems of the church
                b. tradition of emphasizing the importance of the Bible and
                        the writings of the early church fathers
            3. Printing Press
                a. about 1000 printing presses in towns and cities throughout
                        Europe by 1500
                b. communication revolution
            4. Fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire [MAP]
                a. Holy Roman Emperor was very weak
                b. very little real power over German princes and cities
        B. The Lutheran Reformation
            1. Why did Luther post his 95 Theses on the door of Wittenberg castle
                church in 1517? [MAP]
                a. pope was offering an indulgence to pay for the rebuilding of
                        St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
                b. the pope chose Prince Albert of Brandenberg to distribute the
                        indulgence in Germany
                c. Albert hired a Dominican named Johann Tetzel to preach the
                        benefits of the indulgence
                d. Frederick the Wise of Saxony banned the sale of the indulgence
                        in his state because it competed with his relics
                e. people flocked to Brandenberg to buy it
                f. all this excitement was causing concern amoung certain clergy
                        - an indulgence was useless without contrition for one's sins,
                        and it didn't seem like too many of these people were sorry
                        for their sins
                g. finally, Luther posted his theses on the church door in order to
                        initiate a local debate on the subject
            2. What happened after Luther posted his 95 theses?
                a. they became a rallying cry for all who were opposed to the sale
                        of indulgences
                b. his theses were immediately translated into German and 
                        spread throughout Germany by Humanists
                c. the Pope and Holy Roman Emperor called for Luther to recant
                        his views
                d. he refused and was excommunicated by the pope in 1521
                e. the emperor summoned Luther to the Diet of Worms in 1521
                        a. put on trial for heresy; declared an enemy of the empire
                        b. but he managed to escape; helped by German princes
            3. Luther's theology
                a. background
                        1. Luther was a compulsively guilty person
                        2. performing good works didn't make him feel less guilty
                        3. but he was struck by a phrase in Romans:
                                "The just shall live by faith"
                        4. this meant that God's grace wasn't earned; it was freely given
                b. the three main tenets of Luther's theology
                        1. sola fide
                                a. a person's salvation comes from faith in God's goodness,
                                        not by the performance of good works
                                b. totally against the Church's teachings
                                        - good works and rituals such as the sacraments
                                                are essential for receiving God's grace
                        2. sola scriptura
                                a. a person's faith in God comes from reading and
                                        contemplating the Bible
                                b. this weakened the mediating power of the Church
                                        - the Church had always been the link between 
                                                individuals and God
                        3. priesthood of all true believers
                                a. anyone who has faith, receives God's grace
                                b. God won't give more grace to some and not to others
                                c.  thus, all are equal in God's eyes
                                d. this does away with the need for the Church hierarchy
                                        - priest and monks and the pope and no more
                                                special than the average peasant who believes in God