HST 121 - Church and State in the High Middle Ages

The Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire
A. Condition of the Church up to the mid-11th century
        1. church and state intertwined
                a. clergy lived like the laity: not celibate
                b. simony: selling church offices
        2. papacy under control of Roman nobility
        3. popes crown emperors, but emperors still view their 
                position as superior to that of the pope
B. Ecclesiastical Reforms
        1. Henry III goes to Rome in 1046 to settle the
                papal election dispute
        2. Leo IX becomes pope; he was a reformer
        3. Leo worked to end simony and enforce clerical celibacy
        4. some papal advisers wanted more reforms
        5. after Henry III and Leo IX died, the door was open
        6. in 1059, the Papal Election Decree was passed; it said
                that, from now on, the pope was to be elected by 
                the College of Cardinals
C. The Investiture Controversy
        1. Gregory VII (1073-1085) banned lay investiture in 1075
        2. lay investiture: lay rulers invest bishops and abbots
                into their offices; they bestow the staff and ring upon them
        3. Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, growing in power
        4. Henry appoints and invests 4 bishops
        5. Gregory sends him a letter saying he can't do this
        6. Henry responds with a vicious letter [DOC 31]
        7. Gregory then excommunicates Henry, deposes
                him from the position of Holy Roman Emperor
                and absolves all his subjects of their
                allegiance to him [DOC 32]
        8. German nobles then begin to rebel
        9. Henry has no choice but to beg forgiveness
        10. Henry meets Gregory at Canossa in northern Italy and
                dressed as a penitent, he begs Gregory's forgiveness
                and requests that he be restored as emperor
        11. Gregory agreed
        12. Henry reneged; he prepared to attack the pope
        13. the pope died in exile in 1085
        14. Henry IV won the day, but the papacy won the battle
                - the pope was able to humble the greatest secular 
                ruler of the time
        15. Concordat of Wörms ended the investiture
                controversy for good in 1122
D. High Point of Papal Power: Innocent III (1198-1216)
        1. instigated the Fourth Crusade
        2. initiated the Albigensian Crusade
        3. forced the French King Philip Augustus to submit
                to his will regarding a previous marriage
        4. forced the English King John to submit to his will
                regarding the position of archbishop of Canterbury
        5. placed his own choice of emperor on the imperial throne
        6. summoned and presided over the Fourth Lateran Council
E. Decline of Papal Power
        1. overuse of excommunication
        2. papacy seen as greedy because of its efficient tax system
        3. growing power of the English and French kings
        4. all three of these factors came to a head at the end 
                of the 13th century with Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303),
                the French King Philip the Fair (1285-1314) and
                the English King Edward I (1272-1307)
        5. Philip and Edward need money for their wars, so they
                taxed the clergy
        6. but Boniface needs money for the papal bureaucracy, so 
                he issued the papal bull Clericis Laicos in 1296
                - this bull expressly forbade lay taxing of the clergy
        7. Edward levied a 10% tax on the clergy; they refused to pay;
                he outlawed the clergy and threatened to seize their property;
                they submitted and agreed to a 20% fine, which was
                not addressed in Clericis Laicos, so the pope couldn't
                do anything about it
        8. Philip forbade the export of gold and silver from France;
                he also spread rumors about Boniface's morals and 
                the validity of his election
        9. Boniface capitulated and issued the bull Etsi de statu, which
                said that kings could tax the clergy
        10. Philip's power and reputation decreased after losing the 
                Battle of Courtrai in 1302
        11. Boniface issued the bull Unam sanctam, which
                asserted papal supremacy
        12. Philip was enraged
		- he sent his agents to Rome to spread rumors about Boniface
		- a small French force went to Anagni in southern Italy 
			and dragged Boniface from his palace
                - Boniface was saved by the townspeople, but he died soon after
        13. Clement V moved the papacy to Avignon in 1305


England
I. English Monarchs (1066-1307)
William I the Conqueror 1066-1087
William II Rufus 1087-1100
Henry I 1100-1135
Stephen 1135-1154
Henry II 1154-1189
Richard I 1189-1199
John 1199-1216
Henry III 1216-1272
Edward I 1272-1307 
II. Main themes
        A. the growth of a strong, centralized, efficient 
                government bureaucracy
        B. the evolution of parliament and the precursors
                of constitutional monarchy
III. William and his sons (1066-1135)
        A. when William arrived, England already had an
                effective administration
        B. already divided into shires
        C. each shire had a court and a royal officer called 
                a sheriff (from shire reeve)
        D. William separated the shire court; he placed
                the local bishop in charge of the ecclesiastical
                court and the sheriff in charge of the secular court
        E. William divided up most of the land in the kingdom
                among his Norman followers
        F. William Rufus "accidentally" killed while hunting
        G. On the same day, Henry seized the royal treasury
                and was proclaimed king
        H. Henry also conquered Normandy from his eldest brother
        I. Henry instituted 3 major reforms to deal with his
                enlarged territory:
                1. permanent council
                2. exchequer
                3. itinerant justices
IV. Stephen (1135-1154) 
        A. he was dependent on the clergy when he took the throne;
                thus, he gave them all sorts of concessions
        B. Henry I's daughter Matilda began to stir up trouble
        C. she and her husband, Geoffrey of Anjou, conquered Normandy
                and then came to England and forced Stephen to agree
                to allow Matilda's son Henry to become king on 
                Stephen's death
V. Henry II (1154-1189) [MAP: Angevin Empire]
        A. Angevin Empire: Anjou from his father; Normandy from
                his mother; Aquitaine from his wife Eleanor
        B. he sent out itinerant justices on a more regular basis
        C. initiated a system of trial by jury; it was actually more
                of an indictment jury, but it was a start
        D. tried to recover jurisdiction lost to the church during Stephen's reign
            - conflict with Thomas Becket
            - DOC 33: Constitutions of Clarendon
VI. Richard and John (1189-1216)
        A. Richard
                1. in England only 6 months out of his 10-year reign
                2. constantly defending his French lands from the
                        French king
                3. went on the Third Crusade
        B. John
                1. he lost nearly all of his French lands within 5 years
                        (thus, the Angevin Empire came to an end)
                2. humiliated by Pope Innocent III
                3. squeezed money out of his subjects to pay for
                        his attempts to recover his French lands
                4. his lords rebelled; forced him to agree to the 
                        Magna Carta in 1215
                5. Magna Carta:
                        a. king could not raise extraordinary taxes
                                without the common counsel of the kingdom
                        b. precursor of constitutional monarchy: king is
                                not above the law
VII. Henry III (1216-1272)
        A. he was influenced by his brothers-in-law
        B. he kept asking the council for increased taxes
        C. this led his lords to revolt; they forced him to agree
                to the Provisions of Oxford in 1258
        D. this document formalized the traditions of calling
                lords to the Great Council and calling
                knights from the shires for advice
        E. parliament was to be called 3 times a year
        F. and it was to be comprised of an increased number
                 of lords and 2 knights from every shire
        G. purposes of the new parliament:
                1. advise the king on political issues
                2. approve extraordinary measures of taxation
                3. deal with administrative and judicial matters
        H. Henry promptly ignored the Provisions
        I. the lords rebelled under Simon de Montfort in 1264
        J. Simon ruled the kingdom for a year
        K. Henry's son Edward escaped from Simon, formed an army
                and defeated Simon in battle in 1265
        L. while Simon ruled, he further developed parliament;
                in addition to lords and knights, he called 2 burgesses
                from every borough