HST 108    Later Medieval Europe and the Crusades

Key Terms from Lecture and Textbook
simony
 Saladin
 Hundred Years' War
anti-clericalism
 Reconquista
 Boniface VIII
Papal Election Decree
 taifa states
 Babylonian Captivity of the Church (Avignon Papacy)
Lay Investiture
 William the Conqueror
 Great Schism
Pope Urban II
 Frederick Barbarossa
 Italian Renaissance
Seljuk Turks
 Lombard League
 humanism
Alexius Comnenus
 12th-Century Renaissance
 Machiavelli
First Crusade
 Magna Carta
 Venice
Second Crusade
 St. Thomas Aquinas
 Genoa
Third Crusade
 scholasticism
 portolan
Fourth Crusade
 Black Death
Chronology
Papal Election Decree
 1059
Lay Investiture banned
 1075
First Crusade
 1096-1101
Second Crusade
 1147-1148
Saladin retakes Jerusalem
 1187
Third Crusade
 1189-1193
Fourth Crusade
 1201-1204
 

I. Context: Religious Revival and Reform in Europe
	A. the church came under secular influence during the early Middle Ages
		1. bishops became secular leaders
		2. secular lords increased their powers
	B. all this had negative manifestations within the church
		1. bishops began to play in politics
		2. priests weren't taking their vows seriously; decline in clerical celibacy
		3. secular lords began to play a larger role in the church; simony
		4. the papacy was controlled by the Roman nobility; anti-popes
	C. anti-clericalism develops; clergy not fulfilling their role in society
	D. the church tried to make itself an important part of people's lives again
		1. emphasized rituals like pilgrimages
			a. saint: a particularly holy person
			b. relic: a physical remnant of a saint
			c. people believed that a relic contained the holiness of the saint
			d. wealthy people and religious institutions collected them in large numbers
				1. proper care facilitated salvation
				2. big money makers
			e. people made pilgrimages to relic sites all over Europe
		2. tried to remove secular influences on high church officials
			a. Papal Election Decree (1059)
				1. issued by pope Nicholas II
				2. pope to be elected by College of Cardinals ONLY
			b. Lay Investiture banned (1075)
				1. pope Gregory VII
				2. led to Investiture Controversy with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
				3. eventually resolved by pope Calixtus II and HRE Henry V (1122)

II. The Crusades: An Introduction
	A. Definition: The crusades were holy wars "fought against those perceived
		to be the external or internal foes of Christendom for the recovery of 
		Christian property or in defense of the Church or Christian people."
	B. Excerpt from Pope Urban II's speech at Clermont in 1095:
		Your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your help. The Turks 
		and Arabs have attacked them and they have occupied more and more of the 
		lands of those Christians. They have killed and captured many, and have 
		destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. If you permit them to continue 
		thus for awhile..., the faithful of God will be much more widely attacked by them. 
		On this account I beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and 
		to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, 
		to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands 
		of our friends. (Fulcher of Chartres, Chronicle)

        C. Images:
            1. Battle between Crusaders and Muslims in the Holy Land
            2. Jews being executed
            3. Muslims executed by Richard the Lionheart at Acre
        D. Major questions to be answered:
            1. Why did the Crusades occur? What forces came together to
                    cause the Crusades?
            2. What path did the Crusades take? Did they achieve their goal?
            3. What was the impact of the Crusades on Europe? - on the
                    Byzantine Empire?  - on the Islamic world?

III. The Causes of the Crusades
        A. Western Europe
                1. religious revival; increase in pilgrimages
                2. aristocratic warriors and their culture of violence
                3. pope and Byzantine emperor getting along better
        B. Islamic World
		1. Seljuk Turks overran the Abbasid Caliphate
		2. harsher treatment of local Christians and Christian pilgrims
		3. raided parts of the Byzantine Empire and crushed the Byzantine army 
			at the Battle of Manzikert (1071)
        C. Byzantine Empire
		1. resurgence of the Empire under Alexius Comnenus (1081-1118)
		2. halted the advance of the Turks
		3. lacked the resources to retake Asia Minor
        D. the catalyst:
                - Byzantine emperor asks the pope for monetary aid
                        to hire mercenaries to fight the Turks

IV. The First Crusade (1096-1101)
        A. preached by Pope Urban II in 1095 at Clermont,
                and then throughout France
        B. Why did people respond? (- Possibly as many as 100,000 during
                entire first crusade.)
                1. Landless knights seeking fortune
                2. Adventure
                3. Piety
        C. 3 main waves of people; but also a steady stream of people
                1. first wave (1096): 
			a. complete failure
                        b. famine in Europe; not enough supplies                     
                        c. foraged and pillaged in Hungary; defeated by the Hungarians
			d. many died of starvation
                        e. crushed by the Muslims
			f. massacre of Jews; the beginning of violent anti-Semitism in Europe [Map]
                2. second wave (1097-99): 
			a. most successful of all the crusades to the Holy Land
                        b. this wave included many groups led by the great lords of Europe
                        c. Byzantine emperor was very nervous/skeptical
                                - not what he expected
                        d. eventually, all the groups assembled (about 40,000)
                                and made their way across Asia Minor and down the coast
                        e. captured several cities; captured Jerusalem in July 1099
                                - killed all the Muslim inhabitants of Jerusalem
                        f. relatively easy conquest; surprising because:
                                1. poorly supplied = starvation, death of horses
				2. constant bickering; no real leader                                
				3. little support from the Byzantines 
                                4. outnumbered by Muslims
			g. why was it so easy?
				1. disorganization amongst the Muslims
					- local lords had been busy fighting each other
				2. seen by Europeans as divine intervention
                3. third wave (1101): 
                        - most of them wanted to help defend the Holy Land
        D. Crusader States
                1. County of Edessa
                2. County of Tripoli
                3. Principality of Antioch
                4. Kingdom of Jerusalem
        E. creation of military religious orders
                1. Hospitallers
                        - Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem
                2. Knights Templar

V. The Effects of the First Crusade        
	A. on the Muslim World
		1. initially shocked by the crusades
        	2. realized they had to unite politically and religiously to overcome the Europeans
	        3. the Sunni rulers achieved this unity during the 12th century
	        4. Saladin
			a. a Sunni Muslim who rose to power in Egypt
			b. founded the Ayyubid dynasty
			c. made a truce with the Crusaders, which they promptly broke
			d. he then attacked the kingdom of Jerusalem with about 30,000 troops
			e. he was victorious over the smaller European force (20,000 troops)
			f. captured Jerusalem and various other cities
	B. on Europe
		1. crusading fervor develops
        	2. spread of crusading to other areas
                	a. Spain -- the reconquista took the form of a crusade
                        	1. crusades against Muslims in Spain called repeatedly
                        	2. Christians had retaken all but Granada by mid 13th c.
                	b. eastern Europe and the Baltic
                	c. heretics: e.g., southern France -- Albigensian Crusade
                	d. enemies of the papacy
				1. e.g., the Normans in Italy
                        	2. they were threatening papal lands and supporting a rival papal claimant
        	3. continued crusading to the Holy Land

VI. Later Crusades
	A. "Second" Crusade (1147-1148)
        	1. Edessa had fallen to the Muslims
        	2. failure; defeated by the Muslims
        	3. led to low morale and a decrease in crusading for a few decades
	B. "Third" Crusade (1189-1193)
        	1. Saladin captured Jerusalem in 1187
        	2. Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, drowned in a river
                	- without leadership most of his army returned to Germany
        	3. King Philip Augustus of France and King Richard the Lionhearted
                	of England helped take Acre
        	4. Philip returned to Europe
        	5. Richard was the only one left; couldn't capture Jerusalem
	C. "Fourth" Crusade (1201-1204)
        	1. never made it to the Holy Land
                2. got sidetracked at Constantinople and pillaged the city
	D. various smaller crusades followed
		1. none of them were able to take Jerusalem
		2. this lack of success led to a decrease in crusading

VII. The Outcome of the Crusades
        A. ultimately unsuccessful in re-taking the holy land
        B. successful in Europe
		1. retook most of Spain
       		2. got rid of heresies
		3. Christianized various territories, e.g., the Baltic

VIII. The Impact of the Crusades
        A. Europe
                1. Christian Europe is unified and secure
                2. Europe is enriched by increased trade
                3. created first widespread attacks on Jews
                        - initiated a tradition of European anti-Semitism that has 
                                survived up to the present
        B. Byzantine Empire
                1. further weakened the Byzantine empire
                2. not strong enough to fight off the new rising power of the
                        Muslim world: the Ottoman Turks
                3. eventually, Constantinople falls in 1453
        C. Islamic World
		1. animosity between east and west
		2. the Islamicization of the eastern Mediterranean
                        a. many Arab Christians were outraged by the excesses
                                and massacres perpetrated by the crusaders
                        b. they had been fairly well treated by the Muslims
                                before the late 11th century
                        c. thus, many converted to Islam